MRP：简明指南

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计划对于实现目标至关重要。例如，假设您提前计划一次活动或
旅行，甚至是烹饪等日常活动。在这种情况下，您需要
组织好适量的食材和所有必要的工具，以避免
额外支出，并能按计划进行。现在，这些活动比
制造业和服务业的流程更容易安排。

在当今的商业世界中，了解必要库存和设备的数量是
必不可少的。另一方面，缺货会导致瓶颈和交货延迟，
使公司既无效率也无竞争力。如今有了物料需求计划，它将帮助解决这一困境，除了该系统外，其他功能
也将使这些流程变得轻而易举。

让我们来了解物料需求计划是如何运作的，以及该系统如何将业务
提升到新的水平。

什么是物料需求计划？

这种计划有助于协调采购订单和最佳生产排程，根据当前甚至未来的需求维持充足的可用库存水平，并有助于调整生产计划，避免缺货。 MRP 还能监督生产流程在规定时间内无误完成。

物料需求计划是帮助公司更有效地应对需求增长、防止延迟或供应不足的绝佳工具。该工具主要用于以产品为导向的企业。

MRP 系统通过考虑多种因素来实现这种效率，例如可用库存量、公司的生产能力、交货期和客户需求。通过这种方式，公司能以最高效率运作。MRP 的主要目标是在不忽视生产需求的情况下，降低库存水平并最有效地利用它们。

MRP 类型

市场上主要有两种类型的物料需求计划，分别是：

MRP I

MRP I 计算原材料和组件的数量，执行有组织的库存管理和物料清单（BOM），并创建公司用于制造特定产品的详细生产排程。该系统利用公司以往经验中的信息来确定生产过程的需求。

MRP II

MRP I 的继任者。制造资源计划（MRP II）是一个更复杂的系统，因为除了履行 MRP I 的功能外，MRP II 还能创建客户需求预测，并考虑财务和质量等其他部门的需求和要求。此选项是中小型企业的理想选择。

MRP I 和 MRP II 被视为企业资源计划（ERP）的直接前身，ERP 支持公司的其他关键职能流程，如供应链管理、市场营销、人力资源和会计。公司可以将 MRP 系统与 ERP 系统集成，以获得更高的信息流可见性，并更好地控制制造过程，识别潜在瓶颈并管理库存水平。

ERP 对于大型公司至关重要，因为该软件可以集中管理制造过程中的各种流程并保持其精简化，并在各个部门之间共享更透明的信息。

MRP 的流程

MRP 遵循各种程序，以确保生产中有准确数量的原材料和组件，并成功实现既定目标。物料需求计划还考虑市场趋势，以便为需求增长做好准备，或在库存下降时停止采购。为了实现这一目标，MRP 遵循以下程序：

1. Calculates required material according to demand: The first step this tool performs. According to the purchase order and customer specifications, an MRP estimates the raw materials necessary for the company to manufacture the order.
   
2. Manages inventory: Material Requirements Planning allocates the stock in the right place. Suppose a company has several locations and resources in different areas. In that case, MRP will dictate where the raw materials and components should be placed to avoid bottlenecks in production and make the manufacturing process more agile. In addition, you can view the status of the resources and see which ones are in transit or have already been ordered.
   
3. Creates a scheduled production: After determining the amount of raw material and components needed, an MRP calculates the estimated time and labor required to manufacture a product or service. This work plan facilitates meeting the objectives established to guarantee customer satisfaction.
   
   A production schedule also includes which machinery should be used and on which workstations. If a machine has to be adapted and assembled with other parts to create a specific product, MRP considers this time to give a realistic time frame.
   
4. Keeps track of the processes: With a tool as useful as Material Requirements Planning, a company can keep the manufacturing processes under control as MRP alerts in cases of delays and even creates contingency plans if necessary.

MRP 输入

更新信息对于获得更好的结果和更高效的生产是必要的。此外，管理人员甚至可以添加更多数据，即所谓的 MRP 输入；其中最重要的包括：

• Bills of materials (BOM): This is a precise list, usually arranged in a hierarchical way, of the raw materials, components, and detailed instructions of the assembly process to manufacture a product or provide a service.
  
• Master Production Schedule (MPS): A realistic production plan, determining what, how, when, and how many products should be manufactured by analyzing the demand and production capacity of the company.
  
• Inventory Status File (ISF): The up-to-date information on the status of available inventory and how much is needed to fulfill a purchase order.
  
• Forecast Demand: An MRP makes a forecast considering the number of confirmed orders, sales history, market circumstances, and trends. This forecast helps always have production resources available to meet anticipated demand.

MRP 输出

您的 MRP 程序会生成一些可供制造过程
使用的输出，例如：

• Purchase orders: A detailed purchase scheduling that must be followed. With this schedule, a company can place a purchase order for the supplier to supply the raw materials and components required for production.
  
• Material plan: This plan incorporates details like the raw material specifications, assembly parts, and components required to finish the end product. The material plan also includes the quantities of each one and the schedule for when these resources will be needed.
  
• Work orders: This includes the work concerned with producing the end product. The work order details the raw materials and components required, the start and finish dates of the end product, and all the department-wise responsibilities to work cohesively.
  
• Primary and secondary reports: MRP elaborates two types of accounts. The first includes the purchase order, material plan, and work order, while the secondary reports show performance details, errors, and customer demand forecasting.

物料需求计划的好处

许多类型的公司，如技术制造、家具生产商、食品行业，甚至服务行业；企业可以从在其制造流程中拥有 MRP 系统中获益，原因有很多，例如：

1. Better inventory management: The availability of accurate raw materials and components is essential for product manufacture and prevents delays. An MRP calculates inventory costs and helps to maintain the resources at an optimal level according to the data determined by the production schedules and forecasting customer demand, preventing shortages and bottlenecks due to a lack of resources.
   
2. Purchase planning: An MRP dictates what, how much, and when to buy raw materials and components. This system is an excellent tool that makes the work of purchasing managers flow more efficiently since the MRP can be configured to contact suppliers automatically when the software detects that a purchase must be made, matching the production plan.
   
3. Creation of contingency plans: Despite good inventory control management and predicting buyer demand, a company can have intermittent problems. If this situation arises, an MRP can suggest a new production redirection to detect bottlenecks in the manufacturing processes due to resource reduction or lack thereof to mitigate the setbacks generated.
   
4. Optimizes productivity: By scheduling manufacturing and ensuring the availability of required raw materials and components, production processes become more efficient, making better use of machinery and workforce. This work schedule also helps managers better manage the manufacturing operations to be carried out, calculate more precise operating costs and determine an accurate delivery time.
   
5. Efficient resource management: The function of an MRP is to guarantee the availability of raw materials and components for production, including the equipment and labor necessary to carry out the manufacturing process. An MRP system allows a company to have accurate data for better resource management, preventing bottlenecks and delays.
   
6. Provides data organization: Manufacturing processes generate a large amount of information, such as available inventory data, deliveries, invoices, purchases, and other reports that must be analyzed and documented in an organized manner. An MRP will help to process this tedious task, better managing the information being collected within the company.
   
7. Reduces purchasing costs: When an MRP calculates the quantity and costs necessary for manufacturing, this also includes storage, transportation, and storage costs, making Material Requirements Planning an exact tool that seeks the best, most useful, and economical option, avoiding over-purchasing raw materials and components.
   
8. Better use of time: Material Requirements Planning helps save time and makes a company more competitive. An MRP system is fully automated, so this software streamlines the production of goods with little human intervention. Otherwise, inventories would be done by hand, contact suppliers individually, calculate delivery times, and estimate a production time prone to errors and bottlenecks.
   
9. Increases customer satisfaction: Using good production planning and avoiding the risk of raw materials and components shortages, an MRP helps reduce delivery times, creating customer loyalty and building a good reputation for the company, making the business more trustful for future customers.

然而，MRP 也有一些缺点；主要包括生产计划缺乏灵活性，因为系统假设特定产品的交货期始终相同；库存成本增加；以及最重要的一点，即依赖于更新的数据输入来创建排程并确定原材料和组件。

尽管如此，MRP 系统承担了计算必要原材料和组件的艰巨任务，并且比人工猜测和使用繁琐的电子表格更专业、更高效地管理生产计划。

立即让您的公司更高效！

MRP 是一种能够促进中小企业工作的工具，它可以控制库存，避免库存过多或短缺，根据公司产能执行有效的工作计划，并维持客户满意度。在 Skyplanner，我们可以根据公司需求量身定制 MRP 系统，或者在您希望升级到 ERP 系统时提供建议。我们的团队随时准备为您提供帮助。

了解我们如何帮助您进行更新并提高公司的竞争力。